Nos primórdios da teoria evolutiva, Charles Darwin concebeu a diversificação das formas de vida a partir de ancestrais comuns como uma grande árvore, a árvore da vida. Nesse processo, novos ramos surgem de um galho que, por sua vez, se conecta a outros, até o tronco fundamental, a origem comum de todos os organismos. Nessa visão, a evolução seria um processo de herança vertical, no qual o material genético fluiria de uma geração para a seguinte, acumulando mudanças ao longo do tempo.
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